Cosmology
How to Prepare for Human Spaceflight
Preparing for human spaceflight involves screening, exams and training. Learn how crews get ready for weightlessness and readjusting to life on Earth.
✦ CosmologyIs Cosmology a Science? Testing and Its Limits
Cosmology is a science because models of the universe are compared with observations. We examine what can be tested—and where philosophical assumptions begin.
✦ CosmologyCosmology and Astronomy: How Their Aims Differ
Cosmology studies the universe as a whole, while astronomy explores celestial bodies and their properties. Learn where the fields differ and overlap.
✦ CosmologyBiology and Cosmology: Life’s Place in the Universe
Biology and cosmology connect the history of life on Earth with conditions in the universe, without conflating the origin of organisms with the beginning of the
✦ CosmologyCosmology in Philosophy: Structure and Limits of Knowledge
Philosophical cosmology asks what counts as the universe, how to understand its beginning, and where scientific explanation ends. Explore how it differs from ph
✦ CosmologyGravitational Resonance’s Role in Universe Evolution
Gravitational resonances shape large-scale cosmic structures and influence key cosmological processes, affecting galaxy and cluster distribution.
✦ CosmologyGravitational Resonance and Universe Structure Formation
Gravitational resonance shapes the large-scale structure of the Universe by enhancing interactions among massive objects, influencing galaxy evolution and cosmi
✦ CosmologyGalaxy Clusters: Structure and Significance in the Universe
Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound structures in the Universe, composed of thousands of galaxies, hot gas, and dark matter, crucial for under
✦ CosmologyCosmology Made Simple: Key Concepts of the Universe
We explain fundamental cosmology concepts—from the Big Bang to dark energy—with concrete data and examples, no complex formulas.
✦ CosmologyGalaxy Clusters: Structure, Types, and Role in Cosmos
Galaxy clusters are massive gravitationally bound systems with masses up to 10¹⁵ solar masses, crucial for studying the Universe's structure and evolution.
✦ CosmologyDark Energy and the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe
Dark energy makes up about 70% of the Universe's total energy and drives its accelerated expansion, reshaping our understanding of cosmic fate.
✦ CosmologyCosmological Constants and the Fate of the Universe in 2026
Cosmological constants, including dark energy and the cosmological constant, define the Universe's accelerated expansion and future. In 2026, new observations a