Articles
Spacecraft Mission Profiles: Flyby, Orbit, and Landing
A spacecraft mission defines its route, scientific objectives, and communications. Compare flyby, orbital study, and landing through the example of Orion.
✦ AstrophysicsPhysicist vs. Astrophysicist: What’s the Difference?
Physicists and astrophysicists use the same laws but study different subjects, from laboratory systems to stars, black holes and galaxies.
✦ TelescopesWhat Does an Astronomical Observer Do?
An astronomical observer selects objects, determines their positions on the celestial sphere and records angular measurements.
✦ Solar SystemThe Old Earth-Centered Model: How It Worked
The old Earth-centered model placed a stationary Earth amid the celestial bodies. We explore why epicycles were needed and why the model gave way to heliocentri
✦ Space NewsSpace News Today: Check the Original Source
Check today’s space news against the date, original source, and event status so you don’t mistake a planned launch for one that happened—or a headline for a res
✦ Space MissionsAstronaut in Space: Fiction and Reality
An astronaut in space is both a science-fiction hero and a real participant in life and work in orbit. Here’s where fiction diverges from what we know.
✦ AstrophysicsNikolai Kardashev: The Astrophysicist and His Scale
Astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev is known for a scale with three types. Explore what the classification measures—and where its limits lie.
✦ Space NewsSpace: The Latest News — How to Verify a Claim
Check the original source, date, and type of evidence behind space news. Learn how to distinguish confirmation from a claim before drawing conclusions.
✦ CosmologyIs Cosmology a Science? Testing and Its Limits
Cosmology is a science because models of the universe are compared with observations. We examine what can be tested—and where philosophical assumptions begin.
✦ CosmologyCosmology and Astronomy: How Their Aims Differ
Cosmology studies the universe as a whole, while astronomy explores celestial bodies and their properties. Learn where the fields differ and overlap.
✦ CosmologyBiology and Cosmology: Life’s Place in the Universe
Biology and cosmology connect the history of life on Earth with conditions in the universe, without conflating the origin of organisms with the beginning of the
✦ CosmologyCosmology in Philosophy: Structure and Limits of Knowledge
Philosophical cosmology asks what counts as the universe, how to understand its beginning, and where scientific explanation ends. Explore how it differs from ph